Abortion became a very public, national issue following the Supreme Court’s 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade that conferred a limited right to abortion under the Constitution of the United States. In response, the Catholic Church became increasingly involved in public policy and played a pivotal role in shaping the pro-life movement during the late 20th and early 21st centuries by providing organizational infrastructure, ideology, and resources. This paper reviews the history of abortion in the United States and examines the Church’s role in shaping abortion policy. Following the Roe decision, US bishops launched a highly organized set of programs and organizations aimed at restricting access to abortion. They formed a coalition with Evangelical Protestants and other fundamentalist groups, and the expanded right-to-life movement worked to limit abortion rights through legislative changes and legal proceedings. In 2022, their efforts culminated in the Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization to overturn Roe, and abortion regulation was returned to the elected branches. Currently, the state of abortion laws and regulations is dynamic, creating disparities in women’s health and reproductive services across the United States. This research offers a multifaceted understanding of the historical forces that shaped modern abortion policy in the United States, shedding light on the enduring impact of organized religious institutions and the complex interplay between evolving religious doctrine, strategic political action, and profound social change.