• The intellectual growth forum for high school students everywhere

  • The Political Economy of Antitrust Enforcement Under Republican Rule, 1890-1914

    / Interdisciplinary: US History, Politics

    Nathan Hu ’25

    The Lawrenceville School

    New Jersey, USA

  • Challenging Hard Luck: Defending Libertarian Free Will

    / Philosophy

    Hamish Miao ’26

    Saint Andrew’s School

    Florida, USA

  • The Cost of Freedom: A Study on the Social Ironies of the Flapper Movement

    / American Studies

    Ainslie Chen ’25

    The Harker School

    California, USA

  • Reform or Repeat? Mental Illness and Carceral Practices During the Moral Treatment Era

    / Interdisciplinary: Psychology,
    Social Policy

    Chloe Kim ’25

    Phillips Academy Andover

    Massachusetts, USA

  • Political to Personal: The Evolution of Feminist Poetry

    / Interdisciplinary: Literature, Women’s Studies

    Amani Shroff ’26

    Carlmont High School

    California, USA

  • Patriotism as a Vice: Justus Lipsius and a Neostoicism’s Argument Against Fervent Patriotism

    / Interdisciplinary: Politics, Philosophy

    Lukas Odenius ’26

    St Paul’s School

    New Hampshire, USA

  • Tongyangxi Tradition in Ancient China: The Practice of Raising Future Daughters-in-Law

    / Anthropology

    Xiao Bo Zeng ’26

    Collingwood School

    British Columbia, Canada

  • Additions to the European History Collection

    Archives Expansion 
  • Defiance and Nationhood: The Montenegrin Struggle Against Ottoman Rule

    / European History

    Simrat Walia ’26

    Basis Independent Silicon Valley

    California, USA

  • Theatrical Revolution: Shakespeare and the Rise of Commercial Playhouses in England, 1580-1620

    / European History

    James Qiu ’26

    University of Toronto Schools

    Ontario, Canada

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Join the Expansion

Share your research, advance the discipline.

Attention Class of 2025

Final call for submission by June 1st

for September publication, your last chance before college

  • Lukas Odenius

    My love for Classics began when I read the Percy Jackson series in Third Grade, which opened my eyes to the world of Greek and Roman mythology. As such, I...

    Lukas Odenius

    My love for Classics began when I read the Percy Jackson series in Third Grade, which opened my eyes to the world of Greek and Roman mythology. As such, I...

  • Xiao Bo Zeng

    When I learned about the ancient Chinese practice of foot-binding in grade eight, I was fascinated by how cultural beliefs could profoundly impact the lives of millions of women. At...

    Xiao Bo Zeng

    When I learned about the ancient Chinese practice of foot-binding in grade eight, I was fascinated by how cultural beliefs could profoundly impact the lives of millions of women. At...

  • Amani Shroff

    I still remember the first time I stumbled upon a Silvia Plath poem at my local library. The raw intensity of her language, the unapologetic power of her words, and...

    Amani Shroff

    I still remember the first time I stumbled upon a Silvia Plath poem at my local library. The raw intensity of her language, the unapologetic power of her words, and...

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Notable Essays

Selected from the 2023-2024 collection

  • The Global Environmental Impacts of World War I

    Interdisciplinary: Environmental Studies, World History

    Kevin Guo 
  • The Mind-Body Problem: A Critique of Type Identity Theory

    Philosophy

    Clarence Chen 
  • Mortality Moves Masses: Social Movements as Evolved Responses to Pandemics

    Interdisciplinary: Sociology, Psychology

    Gabriel Wolf Evers 
  • The Formation of Charismatic Authority: An Analysis of Julius Caesar and George Washington

    Politics

    Persephone Reeves 
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Featured Essay

American Studies

The Cost of Freedom: A Study on the Social Ironies of the Flapper Movement

Ainslie Chen ’25 | The Harker School | California, USA

Since its emergence in the 1920s, the flapper movement has been perceived as an emblem of social freedom. However, the movement’s notions of freedom were idealistic to the point of being fantastical. Flappers and the era’s youth alike, desperate to escape the older generation’s traditionalism, conformed to these ideals as an act of defiance. However, because of the unrealistic nature of the ideals, the followers of the flapper movement shed key elements of their identities and embraced only the traits that they deemed relevant to the movement. In many ways, the flapper movement inhibited self-expression instead of encouraging it. This paper examines the flapper movement’s impact on two groups of people: the flappers themselves and the youth of the 1920s. While the flappers conformed through consumerism and a blatant disregard for social rules, the youth conformed through sexual experimentation and chaotic college parties. Through an examination of relevant literature and second-hand narrations, this paper debunks the one-dimensional view of the flapper movement sustained by popular media. The findings presented in this paper aim to instigate scholarly discussion on the multifaceted nature of flapper and 1920s youth culture, potentially illuminating other oversimplified cultural movements and fostering a nuanced understanding of social history. By challenging the simplistic portrayal of the flapper movement, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between societal norms and individual agency.

  • Philosophy

    History: Greco-Roman, US, European, World

    Art History

    Literature, Literary Theory, Classics

    Public Policy

    Sociology: Political Sociology, Sociolinguistics

    Contents updated periodically.

  • Embark on a scholarly journey through our disciplinary collections, exploring a wide range of subjects in the humanities and social sciences.

  • Interdisciplinary I

    The study of politics, conflict, and governance that shape the world and the natural environment at national and international levels

    Politics, War Studies, International Relations, Environmental Studies

  • Interdisciplinary II

    The exploration of creative expressions and the policies and programs that shape cultural activities

    Cultural Policy, Film and Media Studies, Musicology

  • Interdisciplinary III

    The investigation of cultural practices, beliefs, and social structures that influence and are influenced by human societies

    American Studies, Gender Studies, Anthropology, Psychology

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